Saturday, December 27, 2008
Friday, October 24, 2008
Lab Studies: Peritoneal fluid should be sent for cell count, albumin level, culture
- Peritoneal fluid should be sent for cell count, albumin level, culture, total protein, Gram stain, and cytology for new-onset ascites of unknown origin.
- Inspection: Most ascitic fluid is transparent and tinged yellow. A minimum of 10,000 red blood cells/?L is required for ascitic fluid to appear pink, and more than 20,000 red blood cells/?L is considered distinctly blood tinged. This may be attributed to either a traumatic tap or malignancy. Bloody fluid from a traumatic tap is heterogeneously bloody, and the fluid will clot. Nontraumatic bloody fluid is homogeneously red and does not clot because it has already clotted and lysed. Neutrophil counts of more than 50,000 cells/?L have a purulent cloudy consistency and indicate infection.
- Cell count:
- SAAG: The SAAG is the best single test for classifying ascites into portal hypertensive (SAAG >1.1 g/dL) and non–portal hypertensive (SAAG <1.1 g/dL) causes. Calculated by subtracting the ascitic fluid albumin value from the serum albumin value, it correlates directly with portal pressure. The specimens should be obtained relatively simultaneously. The accuracy of the SAAG results is approximately 97% in classifying ascites. The terms high-albumin gradient and low-albumin gradient should replace the terms transudative and exudative in the description of ascites.
- Total protein: In the past, ascitic fluid has been classified as an exudate if the protein level is greater than or equal to 2.5 g/dL. However, the accuracy is only approximately 56% for detecting exudative causes. The total protein level may provide additional clues when used with the SAAG. An elevated SAAG and a high protein level are observed in most cases of ascites due to hepatic congestion. Those patients with malignant ascites have a low SAAG and a high protein level (see Causes).
- Culture/Gram stain: The sensitivity with bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles with ascites results in 92% detection of bacterial growth in neutrocytic ascites. Gram stain is only 10% sensitive for helping visualize bacteria in early-detected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Approximately 10,000 bacteria/mL are required for detection by Gram stain; the median concentration of bacteria in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is 1 organism/mL.
Reference on Indian medicinal plants treatments
- Cytology: Cytology smear results are reported to be 58-75% sensitive for helping detect malignant ascites.
Ascites is generally treated simultaneously while an underlying etiology is sought (see above, diagnosis) in order to prevent complications (i.e., spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) and to prevent further progression. In patients with mild ascites, therapy can be done in the outpatient but should be gradual. If both ascites and peripheral edema is present, the goal of loss is no more than 1.0 kg/day and no more than 0.5 kg/day for those with ascites alone. In those with severe ascites, hospitalization is generally necessary.
Salt restriction is generally the baseline step in therapy, which allows diuresis since the patient now has more fluid than salt concentration. Since salt restriction is the basic concept in treatment, and aldosterone is one of the hormones that acts to increase salt retention, a medication that counteracts aldosterone should be sought. Spironolactone (or other distal-tubule diuretics such as triamterene or amiloride) is the drug of choice since they block the aldosterone receptor in the collecting tubule. Generally, the starting dose is spironolactone
In those with severe ascites, therapeutic paracentesis may be needed in addition to medical treatments listed above. Ascites that is refractory to medical therapy is considered to be a classic indication for liver transplantation.
In a minority of the patient with advanced cirrhosis that have recurrent ascites, shunts may be used. Typical shunts used are portacaval shunt, peritoneovenous shunt, and the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). However, none of these shunts has been shown to extend life expectancy, and are considered to be bridges to liver transplantation.
Reclining minimizes the amount of salt the kidneys absorb, so treatment generally starts with bed rest and a low-salt diet. Urine-producing drugs (diuretics) may be prescribed if initial treatment is ineffective. The weight and urinary output of patients using diuretics must be carefully monitored for signs of
- hypovolemia (massive loss of blood or fluid)
- azotemia (abnormally high blood levels of nitrogen-bearing materials)
- potassium imbalance
- high sodium concentration. If the patient consumes more salt than the kidneys excrete, increased doses of diuretics should be prescribed
Moderate-to-severe accumulations of fluid are treated by draining large amounts of fluid (large-volume paracentesis) from the patient’s abdomen. This procedure is safer than diuretic therapy. It causes fewer complications and requires a shorter hospital stay.
Reference Indian medicinal plants treatments
Large-volume paracentesis is also the preferred treatment for massive ascites. Diuretics are sometimes used to prevent new fluid accumulations, and the procedure may be repeated periodically.
Tuesday, June 3, 2008
Linum usitaissimum
Family Linaceae
Latin name : Linum Gk. - linon flax (for weaving, oil for painting); usitaitissimum = common customary.
English name: Flax
Scientific classification: Flax plants make up the family Linaceae. The species grown extensively for its fiber and seed is classified as Linum usitatissimum.
Sanskrit names: Atasi, Pichchita, Devi, Medagandha, Madothata, Uma, Hshuma. Hemavati, Rudraneela, Masruna, Suvalkala.
Botanical Description: This is a herb attaining height of 1 to 1.25 meter.
Leaves —long, narrow.
Flowers — blue.
Fruits — circular in shape with shallow seeds. Depending on the colour of seeds
it is subdivided into 4 types, (1) white (2) yellow (3) red and (4) black.
Habitat In India — Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Ptadesh, Russia, Britain, Holland.
Chemical composition Seeds have 37 to 44% oil. White seeds have more oil. Fresh oil is more viscous but in fresh air it gets solidified.
roperties
Guna guru, snigdha
Rasa madhur, tikta:
Vipaka katu,
Veerya ushna
Dosha : vatashamak, kapahpittavardha
External uses The poultice of the flour of atasi is used to assimilate inflammation. This external application of atasi is used in deeper inflammation also. The external application of its oil i.e. abhyanga is vatanashak, A mixture of lime water and oil of atasi is very useful in burns.
Internal uses
Digestive system : Fried atasi seeds are astringent and reduce intestinal motility. Oil is a purgative. Flowers are cardio tonic.
Respiratory system : The decoction of the seeds of atasi is useful in cough, pleuritis, pneumonia and whooping cough in children. It works as an expectorant.
Urinary system Hot infusion is useful in cystitis
Srotogamitva:
Dosha Vataghna. pittavardhak, kaphavardhak.
Dhatu Rakta (asthma, cough etc diseases of the lungs), shukra (seeds — avirilizing)
Organs Eyes
Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plants
Latin name : Linum Gk. - linon flax (for weaving, oil for painting); usitaitissimum = common customary.
English name: Flax
Scientific classification: Flax plants make up the family Linaceae. The species grown extensively for its fiber and seed is classified as Linum usitatissimum.
Sanskrit names: Atasi, Pichchita, Devi, Medagandha, Madothata, Uma, Hshuma. Hemavati, Rudraneela, Masruna, Suvalkala.
Botanical Description: This is a herb attaining height of 1 to 1.25 meter.
Leaves —long, narrow.
Flowers — blue.
Fruits — circular in shape with shallow seeds. Depending on the colour of seeds
it is subdivided into 4 types, (1) white (2) yellow (3) red and (4) black.
Habitat In India — Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Ptadesh, Russia, Britain, Holland.
Chemical composition Seeds have 37 to 44% oil. White seeds have more oil. Fresh oil is more viscous but in fresh air it gets solidified.
roperties
Guna guru, snigdha
Rasa madhur, tikta:
Vipaka katu,
Veerya ushna
Dosha : vatashamak, kapahpittavardha
External uses The poultice of the flour of atasi is used to assimilate inflammation. This external application of atasi is used in deeper inflammation also. The external application of its oil i.e. abhyanga is vatanashak, A mixture of lime water and oil of atasi is very useful in burns.
Internal uses
Digestive system : Fried atasi seeds are astringent and reduce intestinal motility. Oil is a purgative. Flowers are cardio tonic.
Respiratory system : The decoction of the seeds of atasi is useful in cough, pleuritis, pneumonia and whooping cough in children. It works as an expectorant.
Urinary system Hot infusion is useful in cystitis
Srotogamitva:
Dosha Vataghna. pittavardhak, kaphavardhak.
Dhatu Rakta (asthma, cough etc diseases of the lungs), shukra (seeds — avirilizing)
Organs Eyes
Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plants
Saturday, May 24, 2008
Usage of Indian Pennywort / Centella asiatica in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Usage of Indian Pennywort / Centella asiatica in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Latin: Centella asiatica Linn.
(syn. Hydrocotyle asiatica [Linn.] Urban)
Family: Umbelliferae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Mandukaparni - Brahmi; Hindi -
Brahmamanduki - Gotu kola; English - Indian Pennywort; Unani -
Khulakudi; Bengali - Tholkuri; Malayalam - Muttil; Gujarati -
Karbrahmi; Tamil - Vallarai; Japanese - Tsubokura; Tibetan - Sin-
mnar
Part Used: whole plant
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: sweet, bitter, astringentVeerya: cooling
Vipaka: sweet
Gunas: light, sharp, liquid
Doshas: VPK -
Pharmacological Action: tonic, sedative, alterative, anxiolytic
Clinical Research: Ramaswamy, et al. , Aithal, et al. , Malhotra,
et al. and others have all reported on the sedative effects of C.
asiatica. The plant extract also has been shown to be effective
in anxiety neurosis and peptic ulcer . One interesting six-month
study conducted on normal adults showed the herb increased
mean RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, blood sugar,
serum cholesterol, total serum protein, and vital capacity.
Another study showed a significant improvement in memory
and behavior pattern when administered to retarded children
for a period of twelve weeks. Two glycosides, brahmoside and
brahminoside, have been shown to exert sedative and
hypoglycemic effects in experimental rats.
Traditional Uses: There is some confusion with regard to the
two plants mandukaparni (Centella asiatica) and brahmi (Bacopa monniera) which have similar appearance, properties,
synoymns, and lack of textual descriptions. Careful study of the
texts clearly indicate that they are two different plants. Charaka
recognises both as being promoters of mental faculties but
assigns brahmi a more specific role in treating mental diseases--
like insanity, anxiety, depression, and epilepsy--while
mandukaparni improves mental function through its more
general rasayana effect.
In addition to its intellect-promoting and anxiolytic effects, the
plant is also used in chronic cough, eczema, psoriasis, and
boils. It is in preparations given for anemia, dyspnea,
emaciation, splenic enlargement, rheumatic joint pain,
amenorrhea, and blood toxicity.
Indications: anxiety, minor memory loss, mental fatigue,
eczema
Formulations and Dosage:
leaf juice : 25 ml.
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Latin: Centella asiatica Linn.
(syn. Hydrocotyle asiatica [Linn.] Urban)
Family: Umbelliferae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Mandukaparni - Brahmi; Hindi -
Brahmamanduki - Gotu kola; English - Indian Pennywort; Unani -
Khulakudi; Bengali - Tholkuri; Malayalam - Muttil; Gujarati -
Karbrahmi; Tamil - Vallarai; Japanese - Tsubokura; Tibetan - Sin-
mnar
Part Used: whole plant
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: sweet, bitter, astringentVeerya: cooling
Vipaka: sweet
Gunas: light, sharp, liquid
Doshas: VPK -
Pharmacological Action: tonic, sedative, alterative, anxiolytic
Clinical Research: Ramaswamy, et al. , Aithal, et al. , Malhotra,
et al. and others have all reported on the sedative effects of C.
asiatica. The plant extract also has been shown to be effective
in anxiety neurosis and peptic ulcer . One interesting six-month
study conducted on normal adults showed the herb increased
mean RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, blood sugar,
serum cholesterol, total serum protein, and vital capacity.
Another study showed a significant improvement in memory
and behavior pattern when administered to retarded children
for a period of twelve weeks. Two glycosides, brahmoside and
brahminoside, have been shown to exert sedative and
hypoglycemic effects in experimental rats.
Traditional Uses: There is some confusion with regard to the
two plants mandukaparni (Centella asiatica) and brahmi (Bacopa monniera) which have similar appearance, properties,
synoymns, and lack of textual descriptions. Careful study of the
texts clearly indicate that they are two different plants. Charaka
recognises both as being promoters of mental faculties but
assigns brahmi a more specific role in treating mental diseases--
like insanity, anxiety, depression, and epilepsy--while
mandukaparni improves mental function through its more
general rasayana effect.
In addition to its intellect-promoting and anxiolytic effects, the
plant is also used in chronic cough, eczema, psoriasis, and
boils. It is in preparations given for anemia, dyspnea,
emaciation, splenic enlargement, rheumatic joint pain,
amenorrhea, and blood toxicity.
Indications: anxiety, minor memory loss, mental fatigue,
eczema
Formulations and Dosage:
leaf juice : 25 ml.
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Usage of Thyme / Bacopa monnieri in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Usage of Thyme / Bacopa monnieri in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Latin: Bacopa monnieri
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Brahmi; Hindi - Brambhi; English -
Thyme-leaved Grariola; Bengali - Brahmi-sak; Tamil -
Nirbrahmi; Japanese - Otomeazene
Part Used: whole plant, roots, leaves, stalks
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: bitterVeerya: coolingVipaka: pungentGunas: light, unctuous
Doshas: VK- ; P+
Pharmacological Action: nervine tonic, diuretic, sedative
Clinical Research:Brahmi is reported to have sedative as well
as cardiotonic effects due to the presence of hersaponin, one of
four saponins isolated fom the plant. , In 50 mg/kg doses,
alcoholic extracts produced mild tranquilizing effects on albino
rats and dogs. The alcoholic extract of the entire plant
displayed anticancer activity against Walker carcinosarcoma
256 in rats. Oral administration of the alcoholic extract in
aqueous suspension for three or more days was found to
improve the learning curve in rats in various learning
situations.
Traditional Uses:Brahmi is used in the treatment of asthma,
hoarseness, anxiety, epilepsy, and neurasthenia. It is also
useful as a diuretic and aperient. A paste made from the leaves
is used in rheumatic joint pain; a poultice of the entire boiled
plant is applied to the chest in bronchitis and chronic cough. It
is used to prepare a number of important Ayurvedic
preparations (Brahmighritam, Brahmirasayanam) which are
Indications: emotional stress, mental exhaustion, forgetfulness,
anxiety, asthma, bronchitis, cough, hoarseness, water
retention, rheumatic joint pain.
Formulations and Dosage:
powder-5g. twice a day with warm water.
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Latin: Bacopa monnieri
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Brahmi; Hindi - Brambhi; English -
Thyme-leaved Grariola; Bengali - Brahmi-sak; Tamil -
Nirbrahmi; Japanese - Otomeazene
Part Used: whole plant, roots, leaves, stalks
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: bitterVeerya: coolingVipaka: pungentGunas: light, unctuous
Doshas: VK- ; P+
Pharmacological Action: nervine tonic, diuretic, sedative
Clinical Research:Brahmi is reported to have sedative as well
as cardiotonic effects due to the presence of hersaponin, one of
four saponins isolated fom the plant. , In 50 mg/kg doses,
alcoholic extracts produced mild tranquilizing effects on albino
rats and dogs. The alcoholic extract of the entire plant
displayed anticancer activity against Walker carcinosarcoma
256 in rats. Oral administration of the alcoholic extract in
aqueous suspension for three or more days was found to
improve the learning curve in rats in various learning
situations.
Traditional Uses:Brahmi is used in the treatment of asthma,
hoarseness, anxiety, epilepsy, and neurasthenia. It is also
useful as a diuretic and aperient. A paste made from the leaves
is used in rheumatic joint pain; a poultice of the entire boiled
plant is applied to the chest in bronchitis and chronic cough. It
is used to prepare a number of important Ayurvedic
preparations (Brahmighritam, Brahmirasayanam) which are
Indications: emotional stress, mental exhaustion, forgetfulness,
anxiety, asthma, bronchitis, cough, hoarseness, water
retention, rheumatic joint pain.
Formulations and Dosage:
powder-5g. twice a day with warm water.
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Usage of Asparagus / Asparagus racemosus in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Usage of Asparagus / Asparagus racemosus in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Latin: Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Family: Liliaceae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Shatavari; Hindi - Satavari;
English - Asparagus; Gujarat - Ekalkanto; Bengali - Satmuli
Part Used: leaves, roots
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: sweet, bitterVeerya: sheeta
Vipaka: sweetGunas: light, unctous
Doshas: VP- ; K+
Pharmacological Action: galactogogic, antispasmodic,
antidiarrhetic, demulcent, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac,
tonic, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antitumor
Clinical Research: There are saponins in the roots of A.
racemosus collected throughout India. There are several
reports of galactogogic activity. One study showed that A.
racemosus increased the weight of mammary tissue and milk
yield in estrogen-primed rats. Other studies report antioxytoxic
and anti-ADH activity in these saponin fractions isolated from
the roots. Another study measuring growth promotion indicated
an anabolic action of the plant. No studies to date are available
which evaluate the effect of Shatavari on serum prolactin levels
but several groups are currently preparing such investigations.
Aqueous extracts of the roots were reported to have lipase and
amylase activities.
Traditional Uses: diarrhea, dysentery, inflammatory bowel
conditions, blood purification, biliousness, edema, dyspepsia,
rheumatic joint pains, gonorrhea, galactogogue, nervousness,
feverIndications: to increase milk production, nervousness, gastritis,
diarrhea, female aphrodisiac, general nutritive tonic, spastic
colon, fever
Formulations and Dosage:
powder 5-10 g.
decoction: 50-100ml.
milk decoction: 2-4 oz. bid (with ghee
pippali, and honey), powder: 3-5 g. bid (with honey)
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Latin: Asparagus racemosus Willd.
Family: Liliaceae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Shatavari; Hindi - Satavari;
English - Asparagus; Gujarat - Ekalkanto; Bengali - Satmuli
Part Used: leaves, roots
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: sweet, bitterVeerya: sheeta
Vipaka: sweetGunas: light, unctous
Doshas: VP- ; K+
Pharmacological Action: galactogogic, antispasmodic,
antidiarrhetic, demulcent, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac,
tonic, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antitumor
Clinical Research: There are saponins in the roots of A.
racemosus collected throughout India. There are several
reports of galactogogic activity. One study showed that A.
racemosus increased the weight of mammary tissue and milk
yield in estrogen-primed rats. Other studies report antioxytoxic
and anti-ADH activity in these saponin fractions isolated from
the roots. Another study measuring growth promotion indicated
an anabolic action of the plant. No studies to date are available
which evaluate the effect of Shatavari on serum prolactin levels
but several groups are currently preparing such investigations.
Aqueous extracts of the roots were reported to have lipase and
amylase activities.
Traditional Uses: diarrhea, dysentery, inflammatory bowel
conditions, blood purification, biliousness, edema, dyspepsia,
rheumatic joint pains, gonorrhea, galactogogue, nervousness,
feverIndications: to increase milk production, nervousness, gastritis,
diarrhea, female aphrodisiac, general nutritive tonic, spastic
colon, fever
Formulations and Dosage:
powder 5-10 g.
decoction: 50-100ml.
milk decoction: 2-4 oz. bid (with ghee
pippali, and honey), powder: 3-5 g. bid (with honey)
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Usage of Sweet Flag / Acorus calamus in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Usage of Sweet Flag / Acorus calamus in Aurvede , its action in ayurvedic and modern point of view
Latin: Acorus calamus Linn.
Family: Araceae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Vacha; Hindi - Bach; English -
Sweet Flag; Unani - Buch; Tamil - Vasamber; Persian - Agar
turki; Japanese - Shobu; Chinese - Shui chang; German -
Kalmus
Part Used: Rhizome
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: bitter, pungent
Veerya: heating
Vipaka: pungentGunas: light, sharp, subtle
Doshas: VP- ; K+
Pharmacological Action: nervine, antispasmatic, sedative,
stomachic, expectorant, emetic, laxative, diuretic
Clinical Research: The essential oil free alcoholic extract of the
rhizome was found to possess sedtive and analgesic
properties; it has moderate hypotensive and respiratory
depressant effects. When administered to experimental animals
the oil reduces muscle tone and response to tactile and
auditory stimuli. Asarone and beta-asarone are the constituents
credited with the sedative and nervine effects. The alcoholic
extract has also shown antifungal effects.
Traditional Uses: Sweet Flag is presently classified as an
unsafe herb for internal usage by the FDA. It has been used for
centuries, however, in Ayurvedic medicine as a renowned
rejuvenator of the nervous system for conditions of anxiety,
hysteria, insomnia, neurasthenia, and other nervous
complaints. It is useful in all conditions of excess vata and is
known to enhance awareness and improve memory. A decoction of the root acts as a carminative removing
discomfort caused by excess intestinal gas. According to Duke,
Orientals use the root decoction in bronchitis and as an
aphrodisiac. A small piece of the root is chewed to overcome
mental fatigue. The skin of the root is hemostatic. It has been
used in dyspepsia, dysentery, headache, gout, and rheumatism.
The juice of the root is applied to boils, carbuncles, and painful
joints. In large doses it is emetic. The powdered root is used as
a snuff to relieve nasal congestion and mental weariness.
Indications: mental fatigue, memory loss, anxiety, bronchitis,
sinusitus, common headache, flatulence, joint pains
Formulations and Dosage:
decoction : 50ml.
milk decoction with powdered ginger (for digestive indications)
powder :5 g intranasally
aniljoy23@gmail.com
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Latin: Acorus calamus Linn.
Family: Araceae
Vernacular names: Sanskrit - Vacha; Hindi - Bach; English -
Sweet Flag; Unani - Buch; Tamil - Vasamber; Persian - Agar
turki; Japanese - Shobu; Chinese - Shui chang; German -
Kalmus
Part Used: Rhizome
Ayurvedic Energetics:
Rasa: bitter, pungent
Veerya: heating
Vipaka: pungentGunas: light, sharp, subtle
Doshas: VP- ; K+
Pharmacological Action: nervine, antispasmatic, sedative,
stomachic, expectorant, emetic, laxative, diuretic
Clinical Research: The essential oil free alcoholic extract of the
rhizome was found to possess sedtive and analgesic
properties; it has moderate hypotensive and respiratory
depressant effects. When administered to experimental animals
the oil reduces muscle tone and response to tactile and
auditory stimuli. Asarone and beta-asarone are the constituents
credited with the sedative and nervine effects. The alcoholic
extract has also shown antifungal effects.
Traditional Uses: Sweet Flag is presently classified as an
unsafe herb for internal usage by the FDA. It has been used for
centuries, however, in Ayurvedic medicine as a renowned
rejuvenator of the nervous system for conditions of anxiety,
hysteria, insomnia, neurasthenia, and other nervous
complaints. It is useful in all conditions of excess vata and is
known to enhance awareness and improve memory. A decoction of the root acts as a carminative removing
discomfort caused by excess intestinal gas. According to Duke,
Orientals use the root decoction in bronchitis and as an
aphrodisiac. A small piece of the root is chewed to overcome
mental fatigue. The skin of the root is hemostatic. It has been
used in dyspepsia, dysentery, headache, gout, and rheumatism.
The juice of the root is applied to boils, carbuncles, and painful
joints. In large doses it is emetic. The powdered root is used as
a snuff to relieve nasal congestion and mental weariness.
Indications: mental fatigue, memory loss, anxiety, bronchitis,
sinusitus, common headache, flatulence, joint pains
Formulations and Dosage:
decoction : 50ml.
milk decoction with powdered ginger (for digestive indications)
powder :5 g intranasally
aniljoy23@gmail.com
Ayrvedic Indian Medicinal Plants
Wednesday, May 21, 2008
Aconitum heterophyllum
Ayurvedic indian medicinal plants
ATIVISA
Aconitum heterophyllum
Botanical Name — Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.
Family- RANUNCULACEAE
Synonyms(Sanskrit language - Indian) — Aruna, Ardrã, Upavisã, Kasäyã Krsnã, Ghuna Vallabhã, Cãndri, Pita Vallabhã, Prati Visa, Bhangurä, Madhya-deasthã, Mahausadha, Mãdri, Mrdvi, Raktã, Visvä, Visamã, Visa,sisubhaisajya, Suka Kandã, Sukla Kandã, Srngikã, Syama Kanda, svetã, Sveta Kanda, sveta vacha.
Introduction—
Carak considered this Indian medicinal plant as prativisa, but Susruta considers A.palmatum as prativisa. it described under Lekhaniya, Arsoghna Vargas, Tikta skandha, sirovirecana dravyas ,
Varieties & adulterants - (CV – controversy, AD – adulterants)
1. Cherophyllum violosum [AD]
2. sukla
3. krsna
4. aruna
5. rakta
6. sveta
7. pita – Delphinium denudatum - [CV]
Morphology
(i) A. heterophyllum—
Roots biennial, paired, tuberous; whitish or grey. Stem erect, simple or branched, from 15-20 cm high. glabrous below, finely crispo-pubescent in the upper part.
Leaves heteromorphous, glabrous: lowest on long petioles (13cm); blade orbicular- cordate or ovate-cordate in outline with a usually narrow sinus (1-1.5 cm deep); usually 5- lobed to the middle, amplexicaul.
Inflorescence slender raceme or a lax, leafy panicle, crispo-pubescent; Sepals bluish or violet (rarely whitish); navicular obliquely erect, shortly or obscurely beaked, 18-20 mm high, 8-9 mm wide. Carpels 5, elliptic-oblong. Follicles contagious, linear-oblong, straight, 16-18 mm long.
Seeds pyramidal, 3-4 mm long, blackish brown.
Distribution— commonly found in sub-alpine and alpine zones Himalayas from Indus to Kumaon at 2000-5000 m (6000-16000 ft.).
(ii) A. palmatum—
Roots, biennial, paired, tuberous; conical or cylindrical 4-10 cm long, 0.75-3 cm thick.
Stem erect.
Leaves scattered, upto 10, the lowest usually withered at the time of flowering, glabrous, or the upper most finely pubescent on the nerves below; petiole slender 4-10 cm long; blade orbicular-cordate to reniform , 3-lobed.
Inflorescence a very loose, leafy panicle or raceme, 10-20 cm long. Sepals bluish or variegated white and blue, uppermost helmet-shaped. Carpels 5, sub contagious in the flower.
Follicles sub contagious or some what diverging in the upper part, oblong, obliquely truncate, 2.5-3 cm long and 5-6 mm broad.
Seeds blackish, ovoid, about 3 mm long, round in Cross section.
Chemical Constituents—
(i) A. heterophyllum —
Atidine , hetisine, heteratisine ,Diterpene alkaloids , heterophylline, heterophylline ,heterophyllidine heterophyllisine, hetidine, atidine & ,Atisenol, a new entatisene diterpenoid lactone from roots.
F-dishydrçatisine, hetidine, hetisinone, heteratisine, hetisine, benzylleteratisine, beta —sitosterol, carotene and 3— isoatisine from rhizomes
(ii) A. palmatum—
non-toxic alkaloid has been isolated from A. palmatum
Distribution & Habitat
Maharashtra & Himalayas
Properties
Rasa - Katu, Tikta
Guna -Laghu, Ruksha
Virya -Ushna
Vipaka -Katu
Karma - Dipana, Päcana, Grãhi, Tridosahara, otha hara, Viaghna, Krmihara, Aroghna, Jvara hara, Kasa hara
Prabhãva- Visa hara
External uses
The crushed eaves, mixed with saindhav are applied focally. The seeds crushed in honey are applied locally on throat, in tonsillitis. Nasal insufflations of roots is beneficial in headache (especially migraine)
Internal uses
Respiratory system : The juice of roots along with milk is an expectorant Root powder is given orally in cervical lymphadenitis.
Digestive system : Seed and root are used in ascites. Seeds are laxative.
Urinary system : The seeds are diuretic, the root decoction reduces burning of urinary tract. It increases volume of urine.
Reproductive system : Root is used in sperrnatorrhoea. The decoction of roots is also used in burning of vagina.
Circulatory system : The juice of leaves along with juice of zingier reduce perspiration.
Toxic effects—
Over dosage (More than 5-6g) produces symptoms like dryness of mouth, tremors etc.
Pretreatment of A. palmatum root in cow’s milk and urine reduced the cardio-toxicity (Singh L.B. et al., 1985).
Srotogamitva:
Dosha : Tridoshaghna.
Dhatu : Majja (brain tonic), rakta. shukra. meda:
Mala : Mutra (diuretic). purisha (laxative). sweda.
Part Used—
The tuberous root is medicinally used both alone and in combination. Yogaratnakara mentioned that Haritaki may be used as the substitute for Ativisã.
Dosage—
Root powder l-3g per day (divided doses)
Indications—
Atisãra, Jwara, Kãsa, Bãla röga. Visa röga, Ama dosa, Chardi, Krimi roga, Agnimãndya, Rakta pitta, Yakrd roga, Trsnã, Pinasa, Ara, Pittodara etc.
Important research work going on
1. contractions of frog rectus abdominis induced by acetylcholine.
Clinical Studies
2. diarrhoeal disorders
3. hypolipidemic effect
Therapcutic Uses—
(1) Bala röga— Ativisã alone or along with Karkaangi
and Pippali in case of cough and fever (A.H.Ut.2/57 & V.M.66/10).
(2) Atisära— Ativisã + Bhanga + Vacã as powder
(3) Jvaratisara— sunthi, Kutaja, Mustã, guduçi & Ativisã are
given orally in the form of decoction .
(4) Grahani— The decoction made of Ativiã, sunthi & Mustã is administered orally to destroy the Ama (C.S.Ci.15/98)3.
(5) Mutra krçchra— Ativisã, Amla dravyas, Sunthi, Goksura, Kantakari are made as Peyã (gruel) and given along with Phãnita (jaggery syrup)- (C.S.Su. 2/22).
(6) Visa roga— A ghee prepared with Ativisã and cow’s milk is used orally or as nasal drops in case of acute poisoning. The ghee may also be processed with Sveta and Madayantikã (S.S.Ka.1/64)
(7) Musika Visa— Ativisã root is made into paste by grinding with honey and administered orally (S.S.Ka. 7/39)’.
(8) Vrana— syonãka , Prativisã, Kantakãri müla are made into paste and applied over the wounds (A.H. Ut. 35/47)2.
(9) Kuksi roga /Udara rogas- 1 part Ativisa + 3 parts Añkola, administered orally with rice water (Tandulodaka)
ATIVISA
Aconitum heterophyllum
Botanical Name — Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Cat.
Family- RANUNCULACEAE
Synonyms(Sanskrit language - Indian) — Aruna, Ardrã, Upavisã, Kasäyã Krsnã, Ghuna Vallabhã, Cãndri, Pita Vallabhã, Prati Visa, Bhangurä, Madhya-deasthã, Mahausadha, Mãdri, Mrdvi, Raktã, Visvä, Visamã, Visa,sisubhaisajya, Suka Kandã, Sukla Kandã, Srngikã, Syama Kanda, svetã, Sveta Kanda, sveta vacha.
Introduction—
Carak considered this Indian medicinal plant as prativisa, but Susruta considers A.palmatum as prativisa. it described under Lekhaniya, Arsoghna Vargas, Tikta skandha, sirovirecana dravyas ,
Varieties & adulterants - (CV – controversy, AD – adulterants)
1. Cherophyllum violosum [AD]
2. sukla
3. krsna
4. aruna
5. rakta
6. sveta
7. pita – Delphinium denudatum - [CV]
Morphology
(i) A. heterophyllum—
Roots biennial, paired, tuberous; whitish or grey. Stem erect, simple or branched, from 15-20 cm high. glabrous below, finely crispo-pubescent in the upper part.
Leaves heteromorphous, glabrous: lowest on long petioles (13cm); blade orbicular- cordate or ovate-cordate in outline with a usually narrow sinus (1-1.5 cm deep); usually 5- lobed to the middle, amplexicaul.
Inflorescence slender raceme or a lax, leafy panicle, crispo-pubescent; Sepals bluish or violet (rarely whitish); navicular obliquely erect, shortly or obscurely beaked, 18-20 mm high, 8-9 mm wide. Carpels 5, elliptic-oblong. Follicles contagious, linear-oblong, straight, 16-18 mm long.
Seeds pyramidal, 3-4 mm long, blackish brown.
Distribution— commonly found in sub-alpine and alpine zones Himalayas from Indus to Kumaon at 2000-5000 m (6000-16000 ft.).
(ii) A. palmatum—
Roots, biennial, paired, tuberous; conical or cylindrical 4-10 cm long, 0.75-3 cm thick.
Stem erect.
Leaves scattered, upto 10, the lowest usually withered at the time of flowering, glabrous, or the upper most finely pubescent on the nerves below; petiole slender 4-10 cm long; blade orbicular-cordate to reniform , 3-lobed.
Inflorescence a very loose, leafy panicle or raceme, 10-20 cm long. Sepals bluish or variegated white and blue, uppermost helmet-shaped. Carpels 5, sub contagious in the flower.
Follicles sub contagious or some what diverging in the upper part, oblong, obliquely truncate, 2.5-3 cm long and 5-6 mm broad.
Seeds blackish, ovoid, about 3 mm long, round in Cross section.
Chemical Constituents—
(i) A. heterophyllum —
Atidine , hetisine, heteratisine ,Diterpene alkaloids , heterophylline, heterophylline ,heterophyllidine heterophyllisine, hetidine, atidine & ,Atisenol, a new entatisene diterpenoid lactone from roots.
F-dishydrçatisine, hetidine, hetisinone, heteratisine, hetisine, benzylleteratisine, beta —sitosterol, carotene and 3— isoatisine from rhizomes
(ii) A. palmatum—
non-toxic alkaloid has been isolated from A. palmatum
Distribution & Habitat
Maharashtra & Himalayas
Properties
Rasa - Katu, Tikta
Guna -Laghu, Ruksha
Virya -Ushna
Vipaka -Katu
Karma - Dipana, Päcana, Grãhi, Tridosahara, otha hara, Viaghna, Krmihara, Aroghna, Jvara hara, Kasa hara
Prabhãva- Visa hara
External uses
The crushed eaves, mixed with saindhav are applied focally. The seeds crushed in honey are applied locally on throat, in tonsillitis. Nasal insufflations of roots is beneficial in headache (especially migraine)
Internal uses
Respiratory system : The juice of roots along with milk is an expectorant Root powder is given orally in cervical lymphadenitis.
Digestive system : Seed and root are used in ascites. Seeds are laxative.
Urinary system : The seeds are diuretic, the root decoction reduces burning of urinary tract. It increases volume of urine.
Reproductive system : Root is used in sperrnatorrhoea. The decoction of roots is also used in burning of vagina.
Circulatory system : The juice of leaves along with juice of zingier reduce perspiration.
Toxic effects—
Over dosage (More than 5-6g) produces symptoms like dryness of mouth, tremors etc.
Pretreatment of A. palmatum root in cow’s milk and urine reduced the cardio-toxicity (Singh L.B. et al., 1985).
Srotogamitva:
Dosha : Tridoshaghna.
Dhatu : Majja (brain tonic), rakta. shukra. meda:
Mala : Mutra (diuretic). purisha (laxative). sweda.
Part Used—
The tuberous root is medicinally used both alone and in combination. Yogaratnakara mentioned that Haritaki may be used as the substitute for Ativisã.
Dosage—
Root powder l-3g per day (divided doses)
Indications—
Atisãra, Jwara, Kãsa, Bãla röga. Visa röga, Ama dosa, Chardi, Krimi roga, Agnimãndya, Rakta pitta, Yakrd roga, Trsnã, Pinasa, Ara, Pittodara etc.
Important research work going on
1. contractions of frog rectus abdominis induced by acetylcholine.
Clinical Studies
2. diarrhoeal disorders
3. hypolipidemic effect
Therapcutic Uses—
(1) Bala röga— Ativisã alone or along with Karkaangi
and Pippali in case of cough and fever (A.H.Ut.2/57 & V.M.66/10).
(2) Atisära— Ativisã + Bhanga + Vacã as powder
(3) Jvaratisara— sunthi, Kutaja, Mustã, guduçi & Ativisã are
given orally in the form of decoction .
(4) Grahani— The decoction made of Ativiã, sunthi & Mustã is administered orally to destroy the Ama (C.S.Ci.15/98)3.
(5) Mutra krçchra— Ativisã, Amla dravyas, Sunthi, Goksura, Kantakari are made as Peyã (gruel) and given along with Phãnita (jaggery syrup)- (C.S.Su. 2/22).
(6) Visa roga— A ghee prepared with Ativisã and cow’s milk is used orally or as nasal drops in case of acute poisoning. The ghee may also be processed with Sveta and Madayantikã (S.S.Ka.1/64)
(7) Musika Visa— Ativisã root is made into paste by grinding with honey and administered orally (S.S.Ka. 7/39)’.
(8) Vrana— syonãka , Prativisã, Kantakãri müla are made into paste and applied over the wounds (A.H. Ut. 35/47)2.
(9) Kuksi roga /Udara rogas- 1 part Ativisa + 3 parts Añkola, administered orally with rice water (Tandulodaka)
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